{"created":"2023-06-20T13:21:29.421079+00:00","id":1709,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"31f94a6b-36e6-4f29-8c3c-c9fe2eeccfe3"},"_deposit":{"created_by":21,"id":"1709","owners":[21],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"1709"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:ir.soken.ac.jp:00001709","sets":["2:430:22"]},"author_link":["0","0","0"],"item_1_creator_2":{"attribute_name":"著者名","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"仲渡, 江美"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"0","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]}]},"item_1_creator_3":{"attribute_name":"フリガナ","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"ナカト, エミ"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"0","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]}]},"item_1_date_granted_11":{"attribute_name":"学位授与年月日","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_dategranted":"2010-03-24"}]},"item_1_degree_grantor_5":{"attribute_name":"学位授与機関","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_degreegrantor":[{"subitem_degreegrantor_name":"総合研究大学院大学"}]}]},"item_1_degree_name_6":{"attribute_name":"学位名","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_degreename":"博士（学術）"}]},"item_1_description_12":{"attribute_name":"要旨","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"　本研究では、近年乳児の脳活動計測に広く活用されている近赤外分光法（Near-Infrared Spectroscopy；NIRS）を用い、乳児の顔認知に関する脳血流量を計測し、顔認知の発達過程について検討することを目的とした。NIRSは、脳を透過して戻ってきた光量によって脳内のヘモグロビン量（oxy-Hb、deoxy-Hb、total-Hb）の変化を計測する非侵襲の装置である。乳児を対象とした計測に適している最大の利点は、検査中、被験者を固定する必要がないこと、さらに装置の装着（プローブ）も簡便なことである。<br />　第一実験では、正面顔や横顔といった向きの異なる顔を知覚する際の脳活動に発達的な変化が見られるのかについて、生後５ヶ月児と８ヶ月児を対象として実験を行った。乳児の頭に装着するプローブの中心が、国際10-20法のT5とT6に該当するように左右両側頭部に装着し、計測を行なった。その結果、正面顔を提示したときには、５ヶ月児および８ヶ月児ともに、oxy-Hbとtotal-Hbが右側頭部位で増加したことが示された。一方で、横顔においては、８ヶ月児でのみoxy-Hbとtotal-Hbが右側頭部位で増加した。さらに、活動領域の分析を行なった結果、右側頭部位の下部にある５つのチャンネルの領域の活動が、上部にあるチャンネルの領域の活動と比べ、有意に増加することが示された。今回の実験において、正面顔と横顔の処理の活動に月齢差が示されたことから、異なる向きでの顔の処理過程に発達的変化がみられることが脳活動計測から確認された。さらに、正面顔および横顔を提示している間は、右側頭部の下部の領域がより大きく活動した。成人のfMRIによる研究や、サルを用いた電気生理実験での知見を考慮すると、今回の活動は、上側頭回（Superior Temporal Sulcus; STS）が関与している可能性が示唆された。<br />　第二実験では、生後7-8ヶ月児を対象とし、乳児にとって日常見慣れた既知の顔であると母親顔と、見知らぬ女性の顔を見ている際の活動を、左右側頭部での脳血流量の変化から比較した。計測の結果、母親顔を提示している間では、右側頭部とともに左側頭部でもoxy-Hbとtotal-Hbの増加が認められたが、未知の女性の顔に対しては、右側頭部でのみtotal-Hbが増加した。また、母親顔、未知顔ともに、右側頭部での活動領域を分析したところ、第一実験と同じく右側頭部の下部にある６つのチャンネル領域での活動の増加が認められた。したがって、右側頭部の下部領域が、乳児における顔刺激全般の処理に関わる領域であることが明らかになった。次に、母親顔において左右両側頭部の活動が増加した結果は、成人での既知顔に対する左右両側頭部位の活動の増加を示した知見と一致している。そのため、乳児でも既知である母親顔の処理には、左右両側頭部位の活動が関わり、既知顔（母親顔）に対する特殊な処理過程が考えられた。 <br />　本研究の2つのNIRS実験により、まず、乳児の脳内での顔認知機能の発達がより明らかに示された。つまり、生後５ヶ月頃までに正面顔に反応する領域が乳児の脳内で発達し、その後生後７ヶ月には母親顔に対する左側頭部での活動増加を示し、８ヶ月頃には横顔でも、顔として処理することが示された。次に、乳児の顔認知に関連する反応領域として、右側頭部の下部領域での活動が確認された。この領域は、成人のCTスキャン研究により、T5/T6がSTS付近に位置すること、また、NIRSでは皮質の深い紡錘状回（fusiform face area;FFA)の活動計測が困難であることから、FFAより浅部に位置するSTSでの活動を反映していると推測される。したがって、本研究は、これまで明らかにされてこなかった乳児の顔認知に関与する反応領域を明確に示す最初の一連の研究となった。<br /><br /><br />Abstract<br />　　　The human face is an important visual stimulus for our social<br />communication.  Thus, it has been acknowledged that the processing of<br />faces is different from that of other non-face objects.  Neuroimaging<br />studies with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in adults<br />indicated that particular areas of ventral and lateral occipital cortex are<br />activated while looking at faces, but not while looking at objects.  The<br />fusiform gyrus (FFA) and the superior temporal sulcus (STS) are regarded<br />as the face specific area in adult brains.  Additionally, such cortical<br />regions are most often found in the right hemisphere.  In other words, the <br />right hemisphere of the human brain appears to be superior to the left for<br />face perception.  <br />　　　There were many previous studies in adults using fMRI, however, it<br />remains unclear which areas of the brain contribute to the processing of<br />faces in infants due to technical problems and the difficulty that awake<br />infants have in keeping their head still.  Recently, near-infrared<br />spectroscopy (NIRS) has been rapidly developing as a method to reveal the<br />brain activity that underlies cognitive processing in human infants such as<br />language and face recognition.  To specify the development of infants<br />brains associated with face processing, this dissertation including two<br />studies investigated the hemodynamic responses for face processing in<br />infants by NIRS, which is suited for the measurement of neural activity in<br />awake infants.  <br />　　　In the first study, we investigated whether a developmental<br />difference occurs in brain activity when infants look at frontal and profile<br />views using NIRS.  For this objective, we compared the hemodynamic<br />responses in two age groups; 5- and 8-month-old infants.  The results<br />showed that the concentration of oxy-hemoglobin (Hb) and total-Hb in the<br />5-month-old group increased only for frontal views in the right temporal<br />regions. In contrast, the concentration of oxy-Hb and total-Hb in the<br />8-month-old group increased for both frontal and profile views in the right<br />temporal regions.  Therefore, the present study indicated that the right<br />temporal region was dominant for the perception of profile views as well as<br />frontal views. In addition, the most important and interesting finding was<br />that the infants’ brain activity while observing faces became view-invariant<br />at the age of 8 months but not at 5 months. <br />　　　In the second study, we investigated 7- and 8-month-olds’ brain<br />activity related to the perception of mother’s and stranger’s female faces by<br />NIRS.  We found that oxy-Hb and total-Hb concentrations in the right<br />temporal cortex increased against the baseline during presentation of the<br />mother's face.  For strangers’ faces, the total-Hb concentration in the right<br />temporal cortex was greater than the baseline.  Additionally, our data<br />showed that the greater hemodynamic response to mother’s and strangers’ <br />faces occurred in the inferior area of the right temporal region.  By<br />contrast, oxy- and total-Hb concentrations in the left temporal cortex<br />increased only when the mother’s face was presented.  The increased<br />activity in the right temporal region for the presentation of faces<br />irrespective of familiarity was consistent with a predominance of the right<br />temporal region found in the first study.  In contrast to the activity in the<br />right temporal region, the greater hemodynamic response in the left<br />temporal region was observed only in the perception of the mother’s face. <br />These findings suggest that the processing of the mother’s face enhances<br />activity in bilateral temporal region, and there is a different neural<br />mechanism for processing mother’s and strangers’ faces in infants.  <br />　　　The present research is the first objective study to detect the<br />development of brain responses to face processing in infants using NIRS.<br />The results indicated that the neural activity in 5-month-olds responded<br />only to the frontal views, whereas the neural activity in 8-month-olds<br />responded to the profile views as well as the frontal views (the first study).  <br />Additionally, the neural activity in 7- and 8-month-olds differentially<br />responded to between familiar and unfamiliar faces (the second study). <br />Interestingly, the inferior area in the right temporal region showed greater<br />activation in both the first and the second studies.  Considering the<br />measurement area in the present research, we could speculate that this<br />activation in the right temporal region was related to the responses in the<br />STS.  Thus, the STS is the cortical region which responds to the<br />processing of faces during infancy.","subitem_description_type":"Other"}]},"item_1_description_7":{"attribute_name":"学位記番号","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"総研大乙第201号","subitem_description_type":"Other"}]},"item_1_select_14":{"attribute_name":"所蔵","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_select_item":"有"}]},"item_1_select_8":{"attribute_name":"研究科","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_select_item":"生命科学研究科"}]},"item_1_select_9":{"attribute_name":"専攻","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_select_item":"20 生理科学専攻"}]},"item_1_text_10":{"attribute_name":"学位授与年度","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"2009"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"NAKATO, Emi","creatorNameLang":"en"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"0","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2016-02-17"}],"displaytype":"simple","filename":"乙201_要旨.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"244.8 kB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_11","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"要旨・審査要旨","url":"https://ir.soken.ac.jp/record/1709/files/乙201_要旨.pdf"},"version_id":"a284217c-bffa-4ed0-91a7-522e13d415fb"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"eng"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"thesis","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_46ec"}]},"item_title":"The development of face processing during infancy －A near-infrared spectroscopic study－","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"The development of face processing during infancy －A near-infrared spectroscopic study－"},{"subitem_title":"The development of face processing during infancy －A near-infrared spectroscopic study－","subitem_title_language":"en"}]},"item_type_id":"1","owner":"21","path":["22"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2011-01-19"},"publish_date":"2011-01-19","publish_status":"0","recid":"1709","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["The development of face processing during infancy －A near-infrared spectroscopic study－"],"weko_creator_id":"21","weko_shared_id":-1},"updated":"2023-06-20T15:56:21.092576+00:00"}