@article{oai:ir.soken.ac.jp:00003827,
 author = {長谷川, 眞理子 and UEHARA, Shigeo and HIRAI-HASEGAWA, Mariko and HOSAKA, Kazuhiko and HAMAI, Miya},
 issue = {1},
 journal = {Primates, Primates},
 month = {Jan},
 note = {Usurpation of alpha status by males is a relatively rare event among wild chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains National Park, western Tanzania, where long-term field studies have been carried out since 1965. Here we report three such cases and compare the fate of those defeated alpha males. The formation of effective alliances with other adult males is considered to be crucial in determining what will happen to the defeated alpha male in the rank order after the loss of his status.},
 pages = {49--55},
 title = {The fate of defeated alpha male chimpanzees in relation to their social networks},
 volume = {35},
 year = {1994}
}