@article{oai:ir.soken.ac.jp:00003855,
 author = {沓掛, 展之 and CORP, Nadia and HAYAKI, Hitoshige and MATSUSAKA, Takahisa and FUJITA, Shiho and HOSAKA, Kazuhiko and KUTSUKAKE, Nobuyuki and and , Others},
 issue = {2},
 journal = {Primates, Primates},
 month = {},
 note = {In 1998, four chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, were observed wiping their mouths with non-detached leaves or stalks of grass, or rubbing their mouths with a tree trunk or branch, especially while eating lemons. The number of mouth-wiping/rubbing individuals increased to 18 in 1999. By 2005, 29 chimpanzees were documented wiping/rubbing their muzzles in this way. Although it is difficult to determine whether the chimpanzees acquired this behavior as a result of trial and error or social learning, the fact that chimpanzees at other sites perform this behavior with detached leaves or leafy twigs much more often than with intact items suggests the possibility that cleaning with intact plant parts at Mahale spread via social learning.},
 pages = {184--189},
 title = {Prevalence of muzzle-rubbing and hand-rubbing behavior in wild chimpanzees in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania},
 volume = {50},
 year = {2009}
}