{"_buckets": {"deposit": "ccfb1be5-571b-4ad5-b416-ee68afb6736a"}, "_deposit": {"created_by": 21, "id": "3760", "owners": [21], "pid": {"revision_id": 0, "type": "depid", "value": "3760"}, "status": "published"}, "_oai": {"id": "oai:ir.soken.ac.jp:00003760", "sets": ["285", "314"]}, "author_link": ["1672", "1669", "1563", "1671", "778", "1673", "1668", "357", "1577", "1600", "1670"], "item_10001_biblio_info_7": {"attribute_name": "書誌情報", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"bibliographicIssueDates": {"bibliographicIssueDate": "2002-09-03", "bibliographicIssueDateType": "Issued"}, "bibliographicIssueNumber": "18", "bibliographicPageEnd": "11741", "bibliographicPageStart": "11736", "bibliographicVolumeNumber": "99", "bibliographic_titles": [{"bibliographic_title": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America "}, {"bibliographic_title": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ", "bibliographic_titleLang": "en"}]}]}, "item_10001_creator_3": {"attribute_name": "著者別名", "attribute_type": "creator", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "尚之, 高畑"}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "1577", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}, {"nameIdentifier": "1000030124217", "nameIdentifierScheme": "NRID", "nameIdentifierURI": " "}, {"nameIdentifier": "30124217", "nameIdentifierScheme": "e-Rad", "nameIdentifierURI": "https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/search/?qm=30124217"}]}]}, "item_10001_description_5": {"attribute_name": "抄録", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_description": "Humans are genetically deficient in the common mammalian sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) because of an Alu-mediated inactivating mutation of the gene encoding the enzyme CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) hydroxylase (CMAH). This mutation occurred after our last common ancestor with bonobos and chimpanzees, and before the origin of present-day humans. Here, we take multiple approaches to estimate the timing of this mutation in relationship to human evolutionary history. First, we have developed a method to extract and identify sialic acids from bones and bony fossils. Two Neandertal fossils studied had clearly detectable Neu5Ac but no Neu5Gc, indicating that the CMAH mutation predated the common ancestor of humans and Neandertals, ≈0.5-0.6 million years ago (mya). Second, we date the insertion event of the inactivating human-specific sahAluY element that replaced the ancestral AluSq element found adjacent to exon 6 of the CMAH gene in the chimpanzee genome. Assuming Alu source genes based on a phylogenetic tree of human-specific Alu elements, we estimate the sahAluY insertion time at ≈2.7 mya. Third, we apply molecular clock analysis to chimpanzee and other great ape CMAH genes and the corresponding human pseudogene to estimate an inactivation time of ≈2.8 mya. Taken together, these studies indicate that the CMAH gene was inactivated shortly before the time when brain expansion began in humankind\u0027s ancestry, ≈2.1-2.2 mya. In this regard, it is of interest that although Neu5Gc is the major sialic acid in most organs of the chimpanzee, its expression is selectively down-regulated in the brain, for as yet unknown reasons.", "subitem_description_type": "Abstract"}]}, "item_10001_publisher_8": {"attribute_name": "出版者", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_publisher": "National Academy of Sciences"}]}, "item_10001_relation_13": {"attribute_name": "PubMed番号", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_relation_type_id": {"subitem_relation_type_id_text": "12192086", "subitem_relation_type_select": "PMID"}}]}, "item_10001_relation_14": {"attribute_name": "DOI", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_relation_name": [{"subitem_relation_name_text": "10.1073/pnas.182257399 "}], "subitem_relation_type_id": {"subitem_relation_type_id_text": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.182257399 ", "subitem_relation_type_select": "DOI"}}]}, "item_10001_rights_15": {"attribute_name": "権利", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_rights": "© 2002, The National Academy of Sciences"}]}, "item_10001_source_id_9": {"attribute_name": "ISSN", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_source_identifier": "10916490", "subitem_source_identifier_type": "ISSN"}]}, "item_access_right": {"attribute_name": "アクセス権", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_access_right": "metadata only access", "subitem_access_right_uri": "http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb"}]}, "item_creator": {"attribute_name": "著者", "attribute_type": "creator", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "CHOU, Hsun-Hua"}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "1668", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}, {"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "HAYAKAWA, Toshiyuki "}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "1563", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}, {"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "DIAZ, Sandra "}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "1669", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}, {"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "KRINGS, Matthias "}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "1670", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}, {"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "INDRIATI, Etty "}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "1671", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}, {"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "LEAKEY, Meave "}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "1672", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}, {"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "PAABO, Svante "}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "1673", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}, {"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "SATTA, Yoko"}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "357", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}, {"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "TAKAHATA, Naoyuki"}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "778", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}, {"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "VARKI, Ajit "}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "1600", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}]}, "item_language": {"attribute_name": "言語", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_language": "eng"}]}, "item_resource_type": {"attribute_name": "資源タイプ", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"resourcetype": "journal article", "resourceuri": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]}, "item_title": "Inactivation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase occurred prior to brain expansion during human evolution", "item_titles": {"attribute_name": "タイトル", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_title": "Inactivation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase occurred prior to brain expansion during human evolution"}, {"subitem_title": "Inactivation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase occurred prior to brain expansion during human evolution", "subitem_title_language": "en"}]}, "item_type_id": "10001", "owner": "21", "path": ["285", "314"], "permalink_uri": "https://ir.soken.ac.jp/records/3760", "pubdate": {"attribute_name": "公開日", "attribute_value": "2013-07-08"}, "publish_date": "2013-07-08", "publish_status": "0", "recid": "3760", "relation": {}, "relation_version_is_last": true, "title": ["Inactivation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase occurred prior to brain expansion during human evolution"], "weko_shared_id": 21}