{"_buckets": {"deposit": "8a83ba0a-f35f-4c5d-bcc9-a1261bef5547"}, "_deposit": {"created_by": 1, "id": "1075", "owners": [1], "pid": {"revision_id": 0, "type": "depid", "value": "1075"}, "status": "published"}, "_oai": {"id": "oai:ir.soken.ac.jp:00001075", "sets": ["22"]}, "author_link": ["9244", "9243", "9242"], "item_1_biblio_info_21": {"attribute_name": "書誌情報（ソート用）", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"bibliographicIssueDates": {"bibliographicIssueDate": "1993-03-23", "bibliographicIssueDateType": "Issued"}, "bibliographic_titles": [{}]}]}, "item_1_creator_2": {"attribute_name": "著者名", "attribute_type": "creator", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "小島, 淳"}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "9242", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}]}, "item_1_creator_3": {"attribute_name": "フリガナ", "attribute_type": "creator", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "コジマ, ジュン"}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "9243", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}]}, "item_1_date_granted_11": {"attribute_name": "学位授与年月日", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_dategranted": "1993-03-23"}]}, "item_1_degree_grantor_5": {"attribute_name": "学位授与機関", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_degreegrantor": [{"subitem_degreegrantor_name": "総合研究大学院大学"}]}]}, "item_1_degree_name_6": {"attribute_name": "学位名", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_degreename": "博士（学術）"}]}, "item_1_description_1": {"attribute_name": "ID", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_description": "1993318", "subitem_description_type": "Other"}]}, "item_1_description_12": {"attribute_name": "要旨", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_description": "The superior colliculus is a phylogenetically old structure located in the\u003cbr /\u003e midbrain. It plays a key role in orienting response - movements of the\u003cbr /\u003e eye, head, and body toward a newly appearing, salient object. Underlying\u003cbr /\u003ethis response is multimodal sensory inputs (e.g., direct visual inputs\u003cbr /\u003e from the retina) and heterogeneous motor outputs (e.g., projections to\u003cbr /\u003e brainstem saccade generators). However, the brain receives sensory\u003cbr /\u003einputs continually in parallel, and there must be the mechanism for\u003cbr /\u003eselection to determine to which stimulus the animal should respond.\u003cbr /\u003eSuch selection requires cognitive processes such as attention, memory,\u003cbr /\u003eand movement preparation.\u003cbr /\u003eThe objective of the present research was to examine whether the\u003cbr /\u003esuperior colliculus is involved in such cognitive processes. For this\u003cbr /\u003epurpose we trained monkeys to perform a series of behavioral tasks and\u003cbr /\u003erecorded single cell activity from the superior colliculus while the\u003cbr /\u003e animal was performing the tasks.\u003cbr /\u003eIn these tasks the monkey was required, during a time period (2-3 sec),\u003cbr /\u003e to select a stimulus, remember its position, or prepare for an eye\u003cbr /\u003emovement, The neural activity related to these processes was expected\u003cbr /\u003eto appear as a tonic, sustained spike discharge during the period. To\u003cbr /\u003eanalyze the nature of the tonic activity we used three main tasks\u003cbr /\u003e(overlap saccade task, delayed saccade task, and attention task) and\u003cbr /\u003e additional control tasks.\u003cbr /\u003eIn the overlap saccade task (SACO), the monkey was required to make a\u003cbr /\u003esaccade to remembered position of peripheral light spot which had been\u003cbr /\u003e cued during fixation. In the attention task (ATT), the monkey was\u003cbr /\u003e required to detect dimming of the peripheral spot light, without making\u003cbr /\u003e an eye movement. We assumed that these tasks would selectively or\u003cbr /\u003e preferentially reflect different aspects of cognitive processes -\u003cbr /\u003emovement preparation, memory, and attention.\u003cbr /\u003e We used three monkeys, After training of these tasks, monkeys were\u003cbr /\u003e implanted with a head holder on the skull and search coil monocularly in\u003cbr /\u003e order to monitor eye positions (Robinson 1963), under anesthesia with\u003cbr /\u003e pentobarbital sodium. Extracellular action potential was recorded by a\u003cbr /\u003e glass coated elgiloy electrode.\u003cbr /\u003e We recorded 141 neurons showing tonic activities in the superior\u003cbr /\u003ecolliculus. The superior colliculus consists of three layers: the\u003cbr /\u003e superficial, the intermediate, and the deep layers. Based on previous\u003cbr /\u003e reports which had been accepted unanimously, neurons without saccadic\u003cbr /\u003e activity (n=33) were considered to be in the superficial layer, while\u003cbr /\u003e neurons with saccadic activity (n=108) were in the intermediate layer.\u003cbr /\u003e We later confirmed this assumption by histological examination.\u003cbr /\u003e These neurons also discharged physically after visual stimuli and/or\u003cbr /\u003e around saccade. Tonic activities had preferential retinotopic fields,\u003cbr /\u003e which were similar to the visual receptive fields and the saccadic\u003cbr /\u003e movement fields of the same neurons.\u003cbr /\u003eDepending on the predominance of the activities during the delay period\u003cbr /\u003e among the three tasks (SACO, SACD, ATT), we classified the tonic\u003cbr /\u003eneurons into four types: (1) visuomotor (activity was significantly\u003cbr /\u003e greater in SACO), (2) mnemonic motor (SACD dominant)\u003c (3) visual\u003cbr /\u003e attention (ATT dominant), and (4) nonspecific (others; no single task\u003cbr /\u003e was dominant). \u003cbr /\u003eIn the intermediate layer, more than a third of tonic neurons were found\u003cbr /\u003e to be selective for one of the tasks: visual attention (n=13), visuomotor\u003cbr /\u003e (n=13), and mnemonic motor (n=15).\u003cbr /\u003e The other neuron (n=67) were of\u003cbr /\u003e non-specific type. In the superficial layer, specific types were less\u003cbr /\u003e common: visual attention (n=3) and visuomotor (n=4). Mnemonic motor\u003cbr /\u003e type was not found. The other neurons (n=26) were of non-specific type.\u003cbr /\u003e In conclusion, the tonic neurons in the superior colliculus, especially in its\u003cbr /\u003e intermediate layer, are involved in information processing\u003cbr /\u003e underlying memory of the target location, the preparation of saccade and\u003cbr /\u003e the peripheral attention. Their signals may be sent to the phasic\u003cbr /\u003e responsive neurons in the superior colliculus and/or the brainstem\u003cbr /\u003e saccade generators, and modulate saccadic eye movements.\u003cbr /\u003e Furthermore, they may be sent to the thalamic neurons, to which the\u003cbr /\u003e neurons in the intermediate layer project, The superior colliculus might\u003cbr /\u003e participate in the processes in which memory-, preparation-, and\u003cbr /\u003e attention-related signals are maintained. These processes may be\u003cbr /\u003e accomplished by multiple loop circuits formed with the cerebral cortex,\u003cbr /\u003e thalamus, basal ganglia, and superior colliculus.", "subitem_description_type": "Other"}]}, "item_1_description_18": {"attribute_name": "フォーマット", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_description": "application/pdf", "subitem_description_type": "Other"}]}, "item_1_description_7": {"attribute_name": "学位記番号", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_description": "総研大甲第56号", "subitem_description_type": "Other"}]}, "item_1_select_14": {"attribute_name": "所蔵", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_select_item": "有"}]}, "item_1_select_8": {"attribute_name": "研究科", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_select_item": "生命科学研究科"}]}, "item_1_select_9": {"attribute_name": "専攻", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_select_item": "20 生理科学専攻"}]}, "item_1_text_10": {"attribute_name": "学位授与年度", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_text_value": "1992"}]}, "item_1_text_20": {"attribute_name": "業務メモ", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_text_value": "（2018年2月14日）本籍など個人情報の記載がある旧要旨・審査要旨を個人情報のない新しいものに差し替えた。承諾書等未確認。要確認該当項目修正のこと。"}]}, "item_creator": {"attribute_name": "著者", "attribute_type": "creator", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "KOJIMA, Jun", "creatorNameLang": "en"}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "9244", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}]}, "item_files": {"attribute_name": "ファイル情報", "attribute_type": "file", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"accessrole": "open_date", "date": [{"dateType": "Available", "dateValue": "2016-02-17"}], "displaytype": "simple", "download_preview_message": "", "file_order": 0, "filename": "甲56_要旨.pdf", "filesize": [{"value": "278.5 kB"}], "format": "application/pdf", "future_date_message": "", "is_thumbnail": false, "licensetype": "license_11", "mimetype": "application/pdf", "size": 278500.0, "url": {"label": "要旨・審査要旨 / Abstract, Screening Result", "url": "https://ir.soken.ac.jp/record/1075/files/甲56_要旨.pdf"}, "version_id": "f2008512-cd32-4bce-b21e-ea0bd24a7a7e"}, {"accessrole": "open_date", "date": [{"dateType": "Available", "dateValue": "2016-02-17"}], "displaytype": "simple", "download_preview_message": "", "file_order": 1, "filename": "甲56_本文.pdf", "filesize": [{"value": "2.0 MB"}], "format": "application/pdf", "future_date_message": "", "is_thumbnail": false, "licensetype": "license_11", "mimetype": "application/pdf", "size": 2000000.0, "url": {"label": "本文", "url": "https://ir.soken.ac.jp/record/1075/files/甲56_本文.pdf"}, "version_id": "291e9e18-edbf-4847-ae0a-c2a4436b3834"}]}, "item_language": {"attribute_name": "言語", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_language": "eng"}]}, "item_resource_type": {"attribute_name": "資源タイプ", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"resourcetype": "thesis", "resourceuri": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_46ec"}]}, "item_title": "サル上丘神経細胞における視覚・眼球運動課題遂行中の持続的活動", "item_titles": {"attribute_name": "タイトル", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_title": "サル上丘神経細胞における視覚・眼球運動課題遂行中の持続的活動"}, {"subitem_title": "Tonic Activity during Visuo-oculomotor Behavior in the Monkey Superior Colliculus", "subitem_title_language": "en"}]}, "item_type_id": "1", "owner": "1", "path": ["22"], "permalink_uri": "https://ir.soken.ac.jp/records/1075", "pubdate": {"attribute_name": "公開日", "attribute_value": "2010-02-22"}, "publish_date": "2010-02-22", "publish_status": "0", "recid": "1075", "relation": {}, "relation_version_is_last": true, "title": ["サル上丘神経細胞における視覚・眼球運動課題遂行中の持続的活動"], "weko_shared_id": 1}